American Elm (White Elm, Water Elm)
Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Tracheophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Rosales, Family: Ulmaceae, Genus: Ulmus, Species: U. americana · Ulmaceae (Elm family) · Simple, deciduous leaf
Species
Ulmus americana
Leaf Type
Simple, deciduous leaf
Family
Ulmaceae (Elm family)
Shape
Ovate to obovate with an asymmetric (unequal) leaf base
Size
Approximately 3-4 inches long and 2 inches wide, typical for a moderately sized mature leaf (species range is generally 2 to 6 inches)
Margin
Doubly serrate (coarsely toothed with smaller teeth along the edges)
Arrangement
Alternate arrangement along the twig
Rarity
Common, though populations have been severely impacted by Dutch elm disease historically
Color & Pattern
Medium to dark green upper surface with a slightly paler lower surface; shows typical green summer coloration with no severe chlorosis
Venation Pattern
Pinnate venation with prominent, straight parallel lateral veins extending to the margin
Texture & Surface
Rough (scabrous) upper surface resembling sandpaper, with softer texture on the underside
Description
A classic deciduous forest tree known for its graceful, vase-like crown and arching branches. The bark is dark gray and deeply furrowed into interlacing ridges. It produces small, inconspicuous greenish flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge, followed by papery winged samaras.
Key Features
Unequally cordoid or rounded leaf base, doubly serrate margins, rough sandpaper-like upper texture, and prominent straight parallel veins
Habitat
Typically found in rich bottomland soils, floodplains, along streams, and in mixed hardwood forests; tolerates a wide range of moisture and soil conditions
Geographic Range
Native to eastern North America, ranging from Nova Scotia west to Alberta, and south to Florida and central Texas
Condition Notes
Good condition; the leaf is mature with minor natural wear and slight weathering visible along the edges
Interesting Facts
American Elms were once the quintessential street tree in North American towns, creating grand cathedral-like arches over roadways before Dutch elm disease devastated millions of trees in the 20th century
Medicinal & Uses
Inner bark has been traditionally used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, specifically to make teas for treating coughs, colds, and sore throats. Historically used for furniture, flooring, and barrel staves due to its interlocking grain
Ecological Role
Provides crucial nesting habitat and food for various birds and mammals. The seeds are eaten by wildlife, and larvae of several butterfly species feed on the foliage
Similar Species
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra), which has even rougher leaves and mucilaginous inner bark, and various birch (Betula) species which typically lack the extreme base asymmetry of elms
Foraging Tips
Look for the characteristic vase-shaped canopy of mature trees in bottomlands or along riverbanks. Examine fallen or lower leaves for the distinct asymmetrical base and rough texture
Toxicity Warning
Non-toxic to humans and animals. The inner bark is safely consumed or used medicinally