Yaupon Holly, also known as Cassine or Christmas Berry
Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Tracheophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Aquifoliales, Family: Aquifoliaceae, Genus: Ilex, Species: I. vomitoria · Aquifoliaceae (Holly family) · Simple and evergreen
Species
Ilex vomitoria
Leaf Type
Simple and evergreen
Family
Aquifoliaceae (Holly family)
Shape
Elliptical to ovate or oblong
Size
Approximately 1 to 1.5 inches long and 0.5 to 0.75 inches wide, which is typical for this species (mature leaves range from 0.5 to 2 inches long)
Margin
Crenate to serrate with small, rounded to blunt teeth along the edge
Arrangement
Alternate along the stem
Rarity
Very Common within its native southeastern United States range, frequently cultivated as a landscaping shrub
Color & Pattern
Medium to dark green on the upper surface, slightly paler underneath; uniform coloration without variegation, though showing minor yellowing due to preservation or drying on the herbarium card
Venation Pattern
Pinnate with a prominent midrib and branching lateral veins that are slightly raised on the lower surface
Texture & Surface
Leathery (coriaceous), glabrous (smooth), and semi-glossy on the upper surface
Description
Yaupon Holly is a dense, multi-stemmed evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach heights of 15 to 25 feet. It features smooth, light gray bark, small white flowers in the spring, and bright red berries that persist through the winter on female plants. The leaves are small, leathery, and retain their vibrant green color year-round, making it a popular choice for ornamental hedges.
Key Features
Small, alternate, leathery leaves with scalloped-toothed margins, smooth light gray bark, and small red berries produced on female plants
Habitat
Typically found in sandy soils of coastal plains, maritime forests, scrub areas, and along swamp borders; thrives in full sun to partial shade and prefers moist, well-draining soils
Geographic Range
Native to the southeastern United States, ranging from Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma
Condition Notes
Fair condition; the leaf is a dried herbarium specimen attached with transparent tape, showing slight curling at the margins and mild chlorosis or fading due to the pressing and drying process
Interesting Facts
Yaupon Holly is the only known native North American plant that contains caffeine. Indigenous peoples used its leaves to brew a strong ceremonial tea known as the 'black drink,' which was consumed during purification rituals
Medicinal & Uses
Historically used by Native Americans as a stimulant, diuretic, and emetic during cleansing ceremonies due to its caffeine content and active compounds. Widely used today in landscaping as an ornamental hedge or foundation planting due to its high tolerance for pruning and drought
Ecological Role
Provides vital food and cover for numerous species of songbirds, wild turkeys, and small mammals that consume the berries, while flowers attract various pollinators
Similar Species
Dahoon Holly (Ilex cassine) which has larger, less toothed leaves, and American Holly (Ilex opaca) which features much larger leaves with sharp, spiny marginal teeth
Foraging Tips
Look for dense evergreen shrubs or small trees in coastal woodlands, sandy soils, and suburban landscapes throughout the American Southeast. Leaves can be harvested year-round for brewing tea, though spring is optimal for fresh growth
Toxicity Warning
Non-toxic; the leaves can be safely used to brew caffeinated tea, though consuming large quantities of unbrewed raw plant material or excessive amounts of the strong ceremonial brew can cause nausea