Black Willow (also known as Swamp Willow or Goodding's Willow)
Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Tracheophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Malpighiales, Family: Salicaceae, Genus: Salix, Species: Salix nigra · Salicaceae (Willow and Poplar family) · Simple, deciduous
Species
Salix nigra
Leaf Type
Simple, deciduous
Family
Salicaceae (Willow and Poplar family)
Shape
Lanceolate to linear, sharply tapered at both ends with an elongated, curved tip
Size
Approximately 4 to 6 inches long and 0.5 inches wide, which is typical for mature leaves of this species
Margin
Finely serrate (toothed)
Arrangement
Alternate
Rarity
Very Common
Color & Pattern
Medium to dark green on the upper surface, paler green on the lower surface, with no prominent variegation or spots
Venation Pattern
Pinnate with a prominent yellowish midrib and fine net-like secondary veins
Texture & Surface
Smooth, glabrous, and slightly matte to semi-glossy
Description
The black willow is typically a medium-sized tree with a rugged, dark brown to blackish furrowed bark and an open, irregular crown. Its leaves are distinctly long, narrow, and taper gracefully to a curved point. As a moisture-loving pioneer species, it plays a vital role in stabilizing shorelines and preventing erosion along waterways.
Key Features
Distinguished by its very long, narrow, lance-shaped leaves with finely toothed margins, short petioles, and typical wet-habitat growth habit
Habitat
Wetlands, stream banks, riverbanks, and lake margins in moist to wet soils with full sun exposure
Geographic Range
Native to eastern and central North America, extending from New Brunswick west to southern Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Florida and Texas
Condition Notes
The specimen leaf is in Good condition, showing intact margins and a healthy midrib preserved flat on a herbarium card with minimal drying damage
Interesting Facts
Willows contain natural salicin in their bark, which historically served as the basis for the development of aspirin. They also have exceptionally aggressive root systems that can quickly clog drainage tiles but make them supreme for erosion control.
Medicinal & Uses
Bark extracts have historically been used for pain relief and reducing fevers due to salicylic compounds. The lightweight wood is used for utility wood, boxes, and artificial limbs, and the branches are frequently utilized in basketry.
Ecological Role
Crucial for stabilizing riverbanks and preventing soil erosion. Provides cover and food for various insects, birds, and mammals, and acts as an early nectar source for pollinators
Similar Species
Peachleaf Willow (Salix amygdaloides), which has wider leaves with rounded bases, and various narrow-leaved shrub willows which generally have different growth forms
Foraging Tips
Look near water bodies, rivers, and ponds throughout its native range. Leaves and flexible twigs can be harvested during the spring and summer months
Toxicity Warning
Non-toxic; however, concentrated herbal preparations from bark should be used with caution by individuals sensitive to salicylates